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WHAT WILL BE THE LAST SIGNIFICANT EVENT OF THE UNIVERSE?

Illustration showing the concept of Hawking radiation: particle pairs form near a black hole's event horizon. One particle falls in (infalling particle), while the other escapes as Hawking radiation.
The answer is Hawking radiation, through which the last black holes will evaporate.

Hawking radiation can be traced to quantum mechanics. Hawking radiation occurs near the event horizon of black holes, where pairs of virtual particles are created spontaneously.


Sometimes, one of these particles falls into the black hole while the other escapes, resulting in a net loss of mass for the black hole and the emission of radiation, a process that gradually causes black holes to lose mass and eventually evaporate over immense periods of time.


This weird radiation is one of the key mechanisms through which black holes can eventually cease to exist.

The time it takes for a black hole to evaporate depends on its size, with smaller black holes evaporating more quickly than larger ones. According to Hawking’s calculations, a typical black hole with the mass of the sun would take about 10⁶⁷ years to evaporate. 1 followed by 67 zeros. To put it into perspective, the age of the universe is estimated to be about 13.8 billion years.


As black holes continue to lose mass, the energy they emit will eventually lead to the hypothesized “heat death” of the universe, which is the most prevailing model of the universe's fate.


In this state, the universe will reach a stage of maximum entropy and thermodynamic equilibrium, meaning no more heat or work can be extracted, resulting in the universe becoming essentially a cold, lifeless void.

“nothing”

But it is really nothing, void less?


Quantum fluctuations are the temporary changes in energy at a point in space, resulting in the spontaneous creation and annihilation of particles. This GIF visualizes these fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics.

We have energy left over from evaporating black holes that leave over quantum fluctuations, so something is still existing even after the last black holes evaporate.


There’s always a but…

There’s an ongoing debate on whether we can define quantum fluctuations as nothing. Can we? I and many others think it is absurd to assert that the quantum “void” can be regarded as nothing considering it is something, albeit a wee bit amount of something. That’s something nonetheless.


I'll only condede on...

The one thing I will concede about nothingness is that nothing significant will happen once the last black holes evaporate. It’s a scenario of ultimate stillness, where the universe reaches a state of equilibrium, devoid of the cosmic forces that once defined its existence.


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